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DEVELOPMENT- |
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Gender |
G refers to the socially constructed roles and responsibilities of women and men. The concept of G also includes the expectations held about the characteristics, aptitudes and likely behaviours of both women and men (femininity and masculinity). These roles and expectations are learned, changeable over time, and variable within and between cultures. Gender analysis has increasingly revealed how women's subordination is socially constructed, and therefore also change, as opposed to being biologically predetermined and therefore static. CIDA See: gender roles, sex
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| Gender analysis kjønnsanalyse |
Is the methodology for collecting and processing information about gender. It provides disaggregated data by sex, and an understanding of the social construction of gender roles, how labour is divided and valued. G is the process of analysing information in order to ensure development benefits and resources are effectively and equitably targeted to both women and men, and to successfully anticipate and avoid any negative impacts development may have on women or on gender relations. G is conducted through a variety of tools and frameworks.
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| Gender awareness Å være seg bevisst betydningen av kjønnsroller |
G is an understanding that there are socially determined differences between women and men based on learned behaviour, which affect their ability to access and control resources. This awareness needs to be applied through gender analysis into projects, programmes and policies.
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| Gender division of labour kjønnsbasert arbeidsdeling |
refers to the different work that women and men generally do within the community or inside the home. Factors such as education, technology, economic change, and sudden crisis like war and famine cause gender roles and the G to change. By examining the G it becomes evident that women's and men's tasks are interdependant, and that women generally carry the greater burden of unpaid work in the home and community. CIDA See: egual rights
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Gender Empowerment Assessmen (GEA) |
A tool for assessing gender empowerment throughout the project cycle (project planning, monitoring, reporting, evaluation etc).
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Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) |
A composite index measuring gender inequality in three basic dimensions of empowerment: See: gender perspective
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| Gender equality likeverdig maktforhold mellom kjønnene |
G means that women and men enjoy the same status. G means that women and men have equal conditions for realising their full human rights and potential to contribute to national, political,economic, social and cultural development, and to benefit from the results. (Gender-Based Analysis: A guide for policy-making. Status of Women canada, 1998) See: equity, equal rights, gender equity
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Gender equity |
G is the process of being fair to women and men. To ansure fairness, measures must often be available to compensate for historical and social disadvantages that prevent women and men from otherwise operating on a level playing field. G leads to gender equality. (Gender-Based Analysis: A guide for policy-making. Status of Women canada, 1998) See: affirmative action, equality, equity, justice
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Gender mainstreaming
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G is a globally accepted strategy for promoting gender equality. G is not an end in itself, but a strategy, an approach, a means to achieve the goal of gender equality. G involves ensuring that gender perspectives and attention to the goal of gender equality are central to all activities - policy development, research, advocacy/dialogue, legislation, resource allocation, and planning, implementation and monitoring of programmes and projects. (UN Office of the Special Advisor on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women (OSAGI)) "….governments and other actors should promote an active and visible policy of mainstreaming a gender perspective in all policies and programmes, so that, before decisions are taken, an analysis is made of the effects on women and men, respectively." See: gender analysis, gender awareness, gender perspective, HIV/AIDS-mainstreaming, mainstreaming
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| Gender needs kjønnsbaserte behov |
Leading on from the fact that women and men have differing roles based on their gender, they will also have differing gender needs. These needs can be classified as either strategic or practical needs. To ensure sustainable benefits, both practical needs and strategic interests must be taken into account in the design of policies, programs and projects. CIDA See: gender equity, gender equality, gender roles
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| Gender perspective kjønns-perspektivet |
UNDP NPA-context : "To apply a gender perspective in development co-operation and humanitarian assistance is to recognise the diffrent forms of subordination and discrimination that women experience in relation to men and contribute to change these relations. It is of crucial importance to define and analyse the unequal power relations between men and women in order to change them". (NPA's Strategy for Women, Gender Equality and Development) The forms of subordination and discrimination are experienced differently, but nevertheless in a discriminatory fashion by women of different ages, ethnicity, socio-economic conditions, disabilities, sexual preferences, geographical location etc. In order to analyse/plan in a gender sensitive (not gender blind ) way, one has to make analyses from a G. See: gender awareness, gender empowerment measure , gender mainstreaming
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| Gender planning kjønnsbevisst planlegging |
G refers to the process of planning developmental programmes and projects that are gender sensitive and which take into account the impact of differing gender roles and gender needs of women and men in the target community or sector. It involves the selection of appropriate approaches to address not only women and men’s practical needs, but which also identifies entry points for challenging unequal relations (ie. strategic needs) and to enhance the gender-responsiveness of policy dialogue. See: gender equity, gender equality
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| Gender roles kjønnsroller |
G are learned behaviours in a given society/community, or other special group, that condition which activities, tasks and responsibilities are perceived as male and female. G are affected by age, class, race, ethnicity, religion and by the geographical, economic and political environment. Changes in G often occur in response to changing economic, natural or political circumstances, including development efforts.
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Globalisation |
Refers to the holistic/widening focus of (inter-linked) issues that concern the global society (political, economical, environmental, etc). G refers to all processes - and the reactions to these processes - that makes distance irrellevant. (Ulrich Bech) "G implies increased consentration of power. But G also implies that individuals and organisations have better opportunities for mutual contact and dialogue. The challenge of G is to establish rule and democratic institutions that can secure democratic control - on local, national, regional and global levels" ("Solidarity", Value and Principal Program for NPA, 2003) See: interdependence, democracy
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Goal |
See: objective
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Good governance |
Relates to the term accountability, and refers to a situation in development cooperation which is characterised by transparency, approved and reliable procedures for planning, implementation, monitoring and reporting. Also refers to quality indicators at national government level; transparency at decision making levels, absence of corruption, respect for human rights, democratic principles, military expenses proportionate to real needs; politicians answerable to an electorate. See : democracy
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Grassroots organisation |
Community Based Organisation (CBO) or Social Organisation (SO). See: NGO
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Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
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GDP measures the sum of the gross values added of all resident institutional units engaged in production, and consequently all income generated from production. SSB/Norwegian Min. of Finance
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| Gross National Income (GNI) Brutto nasjonal inntekt (BNI) |
Previously known as Gross National Product (GNP), G is a mesurement of the wealth of a country. It comprises the total value of goods and services produced within a country (i.e. its Gross Domestic Product), together with its income received from other countries (notably interest and dividends), minus similar payments made to other countries. (For many developing countries, interest and dividend payments to foreigners are normally more than similar receipts. In these circumstances, the national product is less than the domestic product).
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Habitat |
An area which all beings (humans, animals) within depend on for having their basic needs covered.
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| Hernando de Soto |
Peruvian Economist famous for his works based on the assumption that the fight against poverty can only be won through legal recognition of poor people's assets and their inclusion in the formal market economy. H is the President of the Institute for Liberty and Democracy (ILD) whose works and theories is inspired by the neoliberal economic ideology. H's theories are highly controversial among many national and international civil society actors. They argue that, in the absence of many other factors - such as land-redistribution and enforcement of social, economic and cultural rights - legal entitlement will not end poverty; on the contrary, a one-dimensional economic and market-based focus will widen the gap between rich and poor, simply because the rich have more bargaining power. NPA-context: NPA is heading a working group of Norwegian NGOs under the umbrella of the Norwegian Forum for Environment and Development (FORUM). The working group is serving as a civil society watch-dog on the furthering of a formalisation and legalisation program based on H's ideas and recommendations. " For NPA a rights based approach to land and resources means that we shall focus on rural peoples capacity to fight for their rights to natural resources on which they depend. Once these rights are secured, peoples livelihood security must be protected and enhanced though sustainable use of these resources. Thus land policy and reforms thereof is seen in the wider context of men and womens right to productive resources, such as water, technology and agricultural inputs, securing the long-term ecological sustainable use thereof ". (Policy and Strategy for NPA's International Humanitarian and development Work 2003-7)
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| HIV / AIDS |
AIDS stands for "Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome". HIV is a retrovirus that infects cells of the immune system, and destroys or impairs their function. HIV infection results in the progressive depletion of the immune system, leading to "immune deficiency". The immune system is said to be "deficient" when it can no longer fulfil its role of fighting off infection and cancers. People with cellular immune deficiency are much more vulnerable to infections such as pneumocystis carinii pneumonia toxoplasmosis, systemic and oesophageal candidiasis, generalized herpes zoster, cryptococcal meningitis, and to cancers such as Kaposi sarcoma. These diseases are very rare among people without immune deficiency. Some of these diseases, namely those that are strongly associated with severe immunodeficiency, are called "opportunistic infections", because they take advantage of a weakened immune system. The symptom complex associated with acquired deficiency of the cellular immune system was called "AIDS" when scientists realized they were witnessing an epidemic of acquired immunodeficiency for which an explanation was lacking. UNAIDS
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| HIV/AIDS mainstreaming legge til rette for et utviklings-samarbeide som er mest mulig relevant i forhold til endrede sosio-kulturelle kontekster i områder berørt av HIV/AIDS-epedemien. |
The process of ensuring that development work is relevant to the changing context brought about by AIDS, also maximising the contribution which development work makes to the fights against HIV/AIDS. "Mainstreaming HIV/AIDS is a process which enables development actors to strengthen the way in which they address the causes and consequences of HIV/AIDS, through adapting and improving both their existing work and their workplace practices". Sue Holden See: Mainstreaming, gender-mainstreaming
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Human Development Index (HDI) |
Indicator for human welfare based on three main components:
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Human dignity |
A personal condition embedding i.a. pride, self-awareness, self-esteem and self-respect. "Human dignity implies equal rights for all, irrespective of gender, race, religion, age, language or social status". (Policy and Strategy for NPA's International Humanitarian and development Work 2003-7) ) See: equality , Human Rights
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Human Freedom Index (HFI) |
Indicator for human liberty, based on 40 indicators for human rights and human liberties. introduced in 1991. However, due to methodological problems, the use of the indicator discontinued after 1992. See: freedom , Human Rights
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| Human rights menneskerettigheter |
Refers to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , adopted unanimously by the UN in 1948. The objective of the 30-article declaration is to promote and encourage respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. The declaration proclaims the personal, civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights of all humans, which are limited only by recognition for the rights and freedoms of others and the requirement of morality, public order and general welfare. In 1955 the UN General Assembly authorised two human rights covenants; the International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) , and the International Covenant of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICCEPR) . After a long struggle for ratification, both of these covenants became effective in January, 1976. See: basic needs , equal rights , equality , equity, freedom , human dignity
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Human worth/value |
Refers to the moral/social value of an individual - e.g. the goodness, usefulness or importance of a person, irrespective of financial status. See: human dignity , human rights
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Humanitarian Mine Action (HMA) |
A comprehensive, structured approach to deal with mine and UXO (UneXploded Ordnance) contamination, including survey assessment, mine clearance, mine awareness and victim assistance See: demining , mine clearance
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Abbr. for "International Council of Volunteer Agencies", an independent international association of non-government- and not-for-profit organisations active in humanitarian assistance and sustainable development. See: EUROSTEP , The Reality of Aid
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Immediate |
See: objective
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Impact |
LFA : The positive and negative changes/effects produced, directly or indirectly, as the result of a program or project. See: objective
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Indicator |
LFA : Is define the performance standard to be reached in order to achieve an objective. Since each I is expected to reflect evidence of achievement, a good I is level-specific and can not normally be used for more than one-level objective (i.e. output, purpose or goal). Ideally, the measures provided by Is should be accurate enough to make the I objectively verifiable - i.e. that persons using the same measuring process independantly of one another obtain the ame measurements.
See: research
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| Indigenous Peoples urfolk |
“Peoples in independent countries are regarded as indigenous on account of their descent from the populations which inhabited the country, or a geographical region to which the country belongs, at the time of conquest or colonisation or the establishment of present state boundaries and who, irrespective of their legal status, retain some or all of their own social, economic, cultural and political institutions”. (The Convention concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries / ILO 169) "Through declarations and conventions I are entitled to individual and collective rights. In international debates the term “indigenous” has come to be applied to politically marginalized, territorially based ethnic groups, who are culturally distinct from the majority population of the nation states in which they now find themselves, and who recognize themselves as indigenous". (NPA Policy Document for the Programme Area Indigenous Peoples' Rights)
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Informal sector |
The "un-official" and often unremunerated part of the labour market which is not governed by national labour laws and regulations;
mostly characterised by self-employment or micro/small-scale entrepreneurship. Economic performance (including "black markets")
only to a minor degree influences fluctuations of national financial statistics. In many of the developing countries the informal sector contributes more than half of the national income. See: formal sector
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Information |
Finnegal's Law of Information:
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Input |
LFA : The funds, personnel, materials etc. of a project which are necessary to produce the intended output (results).
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Institutions |
Social institutions represent manifestations of regulatory principles - "pillars of society" - which constitute, regulate and constrain human behaviour within that society. Social institutions may manifest themselves either as formal or in-formal structures, as physical structures or as manifestations of cultural/traditional practices. Some common institutions of a nation/society are e.g.:
In general, the above or similar types of institutions are subject to a consensus on the part of the population at large; while people may disagree on and oppose principles governing the distribution of public education and social services, they more or less take for granted the principle of an "institutionalised" public education- and health system as such. For the purpose of definition, an INSTITUTION is often seen in relation to an ORGANISATION : Social institutions are common, widely legitimate norm-sets that define the larger societal environment and basic concepts (i.e. political, economical activity) and in that way constitute and constrain human activity and specifically the formation of organisation. (G. Mikkelsen) Social organisations refer to goal-oriented groups with some extent of internal division of labour, hierarchy, distribution of authority and a relative precise delimitation to the environment determining who are the members of the organisation (G. Mikkelsen) Up to now there are no clear-cut definitions that identifies an institution as something clearly distinct from an organisation; in many cases dimension and time-factor influence on categorisation; an organisation (e.g. an NGO or a labour union) that has "always been there" and has a considerable membership base may be perceived by the population at large as "an institution of society"; its typological characteristics responding positively to both the above definitions (institutions, organisations). Therefore, in practical life there is often a dilemma as to whether a social structure should be termed an institution or an organisation. As there are many "grey areas" and overlapping interpretations of institutions and organisations, the two tend to be used more or less alternately in contemporary development literature - or by conceptual preference as deemed fit by relevance to the various social/local contexts. Likewise, both institutions and organisations are concerned with matters related to the act of organising (organisational development) at all levels of their operations; inner and outer structures} See: competence-building , capacity-building , organisation-building , organisation development , institution-building
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Institution-building |
In most cases, human resource development and training constitute an essential part of a project or program's I -element NPA-context :
See: awareness-raising , democratisation , empowerment , organisation-building , organisational development , rights-based approach (RBA), sustainability
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Institutional cooperation |
Refers to development cooperation between institutions rather than one institution being provided with technical assistance in the form of consultants/experts. The I -concept is believed to facilitate commitment and assistance within a wider field and in a more flexible manner than the technical assistance model; it is also believed that a partner institution (rather than individual experts/counterparts) over time to a better extent will be able to maintain, strengthen and further develop local professional competence. I may unfold within all sectors of society - public and private, including public administration as well as NGOs, banking and finance institutions, commerce, trade and industry. See: partnership
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Intermediary NGO |
See: Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO)
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Inter-dependence |
A concept emphasising that persons, groups and societies are all part of the world economy and increasingly dependant on interaction with other persons, groups and/or societies in maintaining/improving survival levels; stressing dependence on interaction in order to solve a growing number of problems which can't be solved by an individual/group/ society alone. See: globalisation , self-reliance , self-sufficiency
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Intermediate technology |
Technology which focuses on improving existing local techniques/technologies with the participation of the producers themselves. I seeks to be appropriate to local context and situation, and is based on local human and material resources to ensure that the target group is in total control of future use and maintenance. Some characteristics of I is that it:
See: self-reliance , sustainability
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Internally displaced person |
A person who has been forced or obliged to flee or to leave his/her home or place of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalised violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognised State border. |
