J-Z

DEVELOPMENT- TERMS

DEFINITIONS,
INTERPRETATIONS

Justice
rettferdighet

The concept of J carries various meanings and interpretations depending on context and circumstances. It frequently appears in political as well as religious rhetoric, and is often associated with the meaning of "fairness", "righteousness" and "equity"

In modern time, a primary sense of social J is the fairness of a consistent system of laws, based on general public support and impartial treatment of all people under its jurisdiction.

In addition to its legal foundation, the concept of J is closely interlinked with moral and ethical concerns and sometimes even the morality of the laws themselves are questioned. Such criticism has been raised concerning laws that protect property rights without offering adequate protection for the poor, and also towards laws governing what is perceived as unfair international trade regulations.

Various political and philosophical positions offer their own account of what J requires and often disagree on whether standards of J are relative to different societies or truly universal.

NPA context: NPA supports the idea of social J that is embedded in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and considers the solidarity based agenda of the labor movement as a manifestation to that effect. The history and struggle of the labor movement has evolved through periods of scarcity and conflict, aiming at securing social J by terms of a fair distribution of society’s rewards, burdens and basic necessities of life. As evidenced in the welfare state model, focus has been on need as a criteria for social J and distribution, while not excluding criteria of ability and merit once basic human needs have been met. Basic human needs are associated with basic human rights, and progressively a rights-based approach to development and social J has been pursued. Due to the threatened global ecology, poverty can not be eradicated solely by applying strategies for unlimited growth and continued exploitation of the world’s natural resources. In the quest for social J, NPA will pursue strategies aiming at fulfilling people’s human rights without compromising the need for sustainable development; likewise NPA will pursue growth and distribution patterns that are compatible to these overriding concerns.

KAK

" When the destiny or situation of two people is strikingly different, the most fortunate of them will incessantly seek to interpret the situation as “legitimate”, as something he himself has “deserved”, and the misfortune of the other as something he is to be “blamed” for ".

M. Weber

" No one deserves his distribution of native endowments any more than one deserves one's initial starting point in society ".

J. Rawls

See: Equality, freedom, liberalism

Least Developed Countries (LDC)
Minst Utviklede land (MUL)

1. Low per capita GDP (low income per person)
2. Weak human resources (life expectancy, calorie intake, etc.)
3. A low level of economic diversification (share of manufacturing and other measures).

To be included  in the list, a country must satisfy all three criteria.

UN/OHRRLS 2004

The degree to which a government’s procedures for making and enforcing laws are acceptable to the people. A legitimate system is legal, but more important, citizens believe in its appropriateness and adhere to its rules.

UNDP

Liability
ansvarsforhold

Refers to responsibility for own actions - whether performed by a government, a company or a single person. L specifically applies to the direct and indirect effects/consequences of human activities on nature and wildlife - and the responsibility (liability) of the "owner" of the activity, in relation to potential damage caused.

EE

Liberalism
liberalisme

Classical L (liberté; freedom) emerged in England during the 1700s, as a response to the tradition-based feudal system’s barriers to new and innovative forms of production, as well as to the unpredictable and random treatment of individuals  by absolute monarchies. Abolition of traditional privileges as well as of government restrictions on human activities came to represent fundamental liberal preconditions in order to create an environment conducive to human initiative, creativity, and vitality.

L  is not one unified ideology or doctrine, but display many strands and varieties. However, one fundamental principle of L is to give primacy to the individual over society.   The primacy of individual freedom and individual choice is usually seen to distinguish L from, for example, Socialism and Nationalism. L also differs from Anarchism by the recognition of the prime, but restricted role of the state to serve as guarantor of social stability. L upholds that any interference by the state should be based on predictable and legitimate Rule of Law. Society has therefore only secondary status, earning its legitimacy in so far as it guarantees the individual citizen the freedom of displaying and pursuing his/her own personal interests (religious, political, economical), to the extent that this does not violate the same freedom for others. Some of the many-facetted thoughts and ideas of L have had great impact on social and political development and contributed essentially to the  Universal Declaration of Human Rights adapted by the UN in 1948.  

While liberal conceptions of human rights and liberties have become widely recognised, economic L has always stirred controversy. The Scottish  economist Adam Smith (often mentioned as "the father of capitalist thinking") developed a theory of motivation that tried to reconcile human self-interestedness with unregulated social order. He  explained how an unregulated marked would “naturally” regulate itself  via the Invisible Hand of aggregated individual and selfishly motivated decisions. This doctrine was broadly advocated as “laissez-faire” ( let it act!). Basic principles are the concepts of hard work, the right to the fruits of your own labour (private ownership), and “ free competition ” that over time would ensure the survival of the best products only.  Adam Smith believed that adaptation to these “natural  laws” of economy would create a balance that eventually would benefit all members of society. 

However, during the 1800s it became evident that state reductionist policies did not create the anticipated opportunities for all. While huge fortunes were created by a few, huge social suffering were experienced by a growing number, especially within the emerging labour classes. In response, a form of social L emerged. It upheld that in order to facilitate active participation by the many, the self-advancement of the few had to be restricted. During the 1900s this branch of economic  L was developed further, and has in some instances merged with moderate representations of socialism, or social democracies, today also posing support to political action in defence of the Welfare State. On the other hand, conservative forces have maintained the classical liberal ideas of a passive and unrestricted Rule of Law state.

KAK

See : equity, market failure, neo-liberalism

Lobbying
drive korridor-
politikk

Efforts directed towards influencing "decision-makers"/those in power on specific policies, through reasoned argument. 

NPA context :  L and advocacy is seen as one of six "key working methods" for promoting development oriented partnership cooperation.

(Policy and Strategy for NPA's International Humanitarian and development Work 2003-2007)

See : advocacy

Logframe
matrise for 
prosjekt-
planlegging

See: Logical Framework Approach (LFA)

Logical Framework Approach (LFA)
logisk prosjekt-
analyse

Management tool which facilitates planning, execution and evaluation of a project/program. LFA represents an analytical system for "planning by objectives" and implies breaking down a project into separate components in order to examine the logic which holds them together.

The specific  LFA “logframe” is a matrix that logically relates the main elements in programme and project design and helps to ensure that the intervention is likely to achieve measurable results. The “logframe matrix” can be used to summarize and ensure consistency among objectives, outputs, activities and inputs, and to identify important risks or assumptions decisive to project success or failure.

See: Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) 

Long term development
langsiktig utvikling

NPA-context : refers to development assistance within a long term perspective; L may represent a continuation of social organisation and distribution patterns facilitated during an emergency relief program; or L takes place in various social contexts where a minimum of stability and infrastructure has been established. 

See : development work , partnership, sustainability

Long term
development objective
langsiktig utviklingsmål

See : objective

The ideas, views, actions and values that are most videly accepted by a group, community or society (as opposed to being peripheral, exceptional, extreme or avant-garde).

Mainstreaming
almengjøre, bringe noe (tema,fenomen, perspektiv) inn i et hovedfelt eller en hovedstrømning

1. The social, cultural, political process of transformation of ideas, views, actions or values from a peripheral to a mainstream position.
   
   
2. M involves bringing the outcomes of socio-economic and policy analysis into the core decision-making processes of an organisation.
   - The skills required for M are therefore analytic skills, advocacy skills and decision-making skills, in various combinations.
   - This definition refers to the mainstreaming of all human-centred themes, not only of gender considerations. The skills required are therefore relevant across the board of development activity.

UN

See : cross-cutting issues, gender mainstreaming, HIV/AIDS-mainstreaming

Marginalisation
marginalisering

Refers to the process whereby people are gradually forced to the peripheral borders of a social context or society. Marginalised groups are often caught in the vicious circle of poverty, left with limited or no powers or influence on decisions affecting their lives, and limited access to social goods and services.

See: basic needs , empowerment , poverty line

Market adaption
markedstilpasning

Adaptation to the wishes of the buyer.

See : neo-liberalism

According to capitalist market theory, a free capitalist market "fails" to confront existing common welfare issues, if these are not embedded in the free market itself or satisfied through private demand and supply systems. For example, if everything was left to the free capitalist market alone, less funding would be directed in support of public roads to sparsely populated areas, public health and education, environmental support systems etc. Therefore M s are usually seen as "justifying" a certain level of government intervention in the production of goods and services.

See: neo-liberalism

the source of data or information to verify progress using certain indicators; used in analysis based on Logical Framework Approach (LFA).

UNDP

Weapon of mass destraction J 

Micro-credit
mikrokreditt

Credit, usually in the form of small-scale revolving loans, provided to individuals/groups who do not have access to the formal credit market. Loans/credits are relatively small, proportionate to absorption capacity; there is no formal collateral or remuneration, and the repayment period is relatively short.

See : revolving loan funds , peer group

Refer to the UN Millennium Development Goals  
incorporated in resolution 55/2 - the UNITED NATIONS MILLENNIUM DECLARATION - as adopted by the UN General Assembley, September 2000.
The Declaration focus on explicit commitments for the UN member states concerning environment, peace, security and disarmament, development and poverty reduction, human rights, democracy and good governance.
All 189 UN member states have pledged to persue the realisation of the following eight MG by 2015, :

1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2. Achieve universal primary education
3. Promote gender equality and empower women
4. Reduce child mortality
5. Improve maternal health
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
7. Ensure environmental sustainability
8. Develop a global partnership for development

Although not formulated as explicit rights, the MG are closely interlinked to the realisation of vital social, economic and political Human Rights. As such the MG  serve as a common framework for mainstream international development work, and poverty reduction strategies increasingly refer to the MG as liaison policy framework or as a reference for policy adjustments. As pointed out by the UN Secretary General, Kofi Annan, the MG serve as a tool to measure to which extent human condition is improved. To that effect, 48 indicators have been worked out (by WB, IMF, DAC and UNDP under UN auspice), to monitor achieved progress.

See :  Advocacy, Basic needs, Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA)

Mine clearance
minerydding

See: demining

Mission (statement)
mandat/oppdrags-beskrivelse

Refers to formulated mandate for a duty travel, delegation or mission, specified for a limited budget and time-frame.

Mobilisation
mobilisering

See : popular mobilisation

Method of operation.

Modus vivendi
levemåte

1. "Way of life"- the way that a particular person or group of people live.
   
2. Compromise: a practical arrangement that allows conflicting people, groups or ideas to coexist.

Monitoring
fortløpende vurdering

Continuous or periodic surveillance of the physical implementation of a project to ensure that input, activities, output and external factors are proceeding according to plan.

See : indicators , review

In March 2002, the United Nations hosted the International Conference on Financing for Development at Monterrey, Mexico. The outcome – known as the Monterrey Consensus – identifies the means for ensuring the availability of sufficient financial resources to reach the goals set by the major United
Nations conferences and summits.

UNCEDAP

Multiplier effect
multiplikatoreffekt

In a development context, M refers to the impact of a given income or investment in e.g. a project, as a result of funds put in circulation in society; investments in school buildings may lead to employment of labourers; earning an income, the labourers' purchasing power increases and stimulates the exchange of products and services, etc.
In economy, the M is usually expressed in a decimal figure demonstrating the impact of  e.g. 1 USD or 1 NOK after circulation.

See : spin-off effect

all those renewable elements of the ecosphere, such as water and terrestrial and aquatic biomass; non-renewable elements, such as land in general, minerals, metals and fossil fuels; and semi-renewable elements, such as soil quality and the assimilative capacity of the environment.

UNDP

Neo-liberalism
nyliberalisme

A political philosophy and a political-economic movement (also called "market liberalism") gaining momentum in the 1970s with "Thatcherism" and the so called TINA-doctrine: "There Is No Alternative!". Since the era of "Reaganomics" of the 1980s, N has been growing increasingly predominant. It focuses on the establishment of a stable currency of exchange, reduction of localised rules, regulations and barriers to commerce, and privatisation of state run enterprises. Particularly, N does not recognise any unifying or organising principle above the individual, as expresses by the often quoted Thatcher remark that "there is no such thing as a society, only individuals and their families" .

More vigourously than former classical Liberalists, N denounce government intervention in the economy, advocating instead on achieving progress (measured in GNP) and "social justice" by stern free-market methods. N argues that protectionism produces economic "inefficiencies" and that developing nations should open their markets to the outside, and focus on exports. This has often meant the liquidation of state owned corporations and enterprises, the abolition of rules designed to protect local industries, and the lowering of tariff barriers. The policies of privatisation of state assets have been adopted by the Bretton Woods Institutions (WB/IMF) operating in many developing countries, particularly in Latin America. The privatisation processes have been furthered by means of the so called Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) , followed by the more participatory oriented  Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) .

Neo-liberal ideas have found expression in a series of trade talks to form the World Trade Organisation (WTO) , as well as regional free trade agreements such as the European Union (EU) and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) .

KAK   

"To the free man, the country is the collection of the individuals which compose it (...). The scope of government must be limited (...) to preserve law and order, to enforce private contracts, to foster competitive markets".

(Friedmans)

At the Cancun Summit in 1981, the neo-liberal philosophy was translatedinto"global Reaganomics", prescribing that developing countries liberalise their economies (lifting national restrictions), encourage their entrepreneurs, and identify their comparative advantages - in order to move from the state pole towards the market pole of the political axis.

(Sarec report/B.Hettne)

See :  capitalism , freedom , liberalism , market failure

Networking
nettverksarbeid

Semi-formal groupings in which each member organisation remains autonomous in its activities, but where enough common ground exists to establish shared agendas.

While the specific functions of networks are very diverse, and not all networks are or wish to be directly involved in advocacy work, advocacy as such is crucially dependent upon the existence of networks with whom to share information and analysis, and to develop joint strategies.

OHDR

NPA context : N also refers to partnership cooperation affording a platform for dialogue, exchange of information and experience, advocacy and formulation of relevant democratic strategies for influencing political levels. N further refers to interaction between individuals and/or groups based on certain commonalties of objectives, ideological foundations, or a sectoral focus.

As per June 2005, NPA is a registered/associated member of the following internationally oriented networks: AIDSNET, FARE, FORUM, ICBL, SOLIDAR, UNITED and VOICE.

See : advocacy , campaigning , lobbying

Refers to the strategic NEPAD Framework Document formulating a mandate given to the five initiating Heads of State (Algeria, Egypt, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa) by the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) to develop an integrated socio-economic development framework for Africa, which is designed to address the current challenges facing the African continent. The 37th Summit of the OAU in July 2001 formally adopted the strategic framework document.

See : African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM)

New Public Management (NPM)
"Modernisering" av offentlig sektor

The NPM concept denotes a direction within public management-reform and modernisation of the state, and is based on a neo-liberal approach to the economy. The ultimate objective of  NPM is to avoid excess spending of government resources and limit the involvement and domain of the state by adapting the same criteria of “efficiency” as is applied in private business enterprises. Thus, NPM is furthering privatisation policies underpinned by business management rhetoric, such as “user-orientation”, “lean-management”, “outsourcing”, “benchmarking” etc.

The NPM concept rests on the assumption of basic similarities between public and private sector when as it refers to the nature and characteristics of management requirements.  However, while the state is typically expected to administer resources for the common good, business enterprise management is typically oriented towards maximising private profits. It has proven difficult and politically controversial to merge these two perspectives, and empirical research seems to confirm that the expected NPA benefits so far have yielded limited substance. 

Critics argue that the strong bias towards private business budgeting and short term demands to cost-efficiency is detrimental to the furthering of socio-economic equality, justice and equity, and that the social fabric of the welfare state thereby is being undermined. Others see the de-politisation of the state as a danger to political and democratic processes.  

NPM-focus and level of execution has primarily been on municipal and national levels, guided i.a. by the concept of “good governance”.  While many support the idea that government reform is needed - such as cost-effective budgeting, more transparency in the management of public affairs, improved bureaucratic procedures etc.- privatisation policies and the abandoning of the welfare state is not necessarily seen as a favoured cosequence.  Within contemporary management discourse, there is a growing orientation towards seeking “the best of two worlds” -  i.e. to make meaningful implementation of management reform without “throwing  the baby out with the bath-water”.

Wikipeda/KAK

Non Governmental Organisation (NGO)
ikke-statlig / ideell / privat / frivillig organisasjon

Refers broadly to the wide range of organisations that have as a common denominator their non-alignment to state or government structures. Thus N encompasses a wide range of organisational classifications based e.g. on constitutional mandate, the nature and location of their activities, their output and/or their constituency.
Some categories commonly referred to are:

- Regional and national-level NGOs : mostly membership organisations; encompass youth and women's groups, church organisations, rural development institutions, professional and cultural groups, etc.

- Intermediary NGOs : exist in order to facilitate activities of smaller groups (e.g. CBO/SOs), or to mediate between such groups, governments and funding/donor agencies.

- Service NGOs : provide an expanding range of support services; assist in project formulation and execution, or engage in consultancy or research activities on behalf of donor agencies.

- Trusts : Included in this category are the various interest group organisations and trade unions.

Although social organisations (SOs)and community based organisations (CBOs) strictly speaking also represent a form of non-governmental organisational practice, it is common in development jargon to refer to NGOs and SO/CBOs as two distinctive and even opposing organisational categories. In this context NGOs to a greater extent represent bureaucratic, administrative structures and professional management, sometimes even independence of a membership base, while SO/CBOs on the other hand are popular-, local- or community-driven by nature. However, some NGOs have started as a CBO/SO and gradually transformed into a Trust-, Service-, Intermediary- or national NGO.

See : Civil society

Objective
Mål

NPA context : Formulated ambition. LFA-related; within the context of a project or program, objectives are usually labelled according to the following levels.

Utviklingsmål

GOAL (LONG TERM DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVE);
The one main overall objective that the Country Program (its group of projects) seeks to contribute to (the desired end), but which is outside the immediate influence and control of the program/projects. It expresses the justification and/or reason why a program/project is implemented.

Tiltaksmål

PURPOSE (IMMEDIATE DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVE);
The immediate (and one and only) reason for a project. The effect which the project is expected to achieve (the desired state) if completed successfully and on time.
At this level the identification of relevant objective indicators is essential; When the project period is concluded the indicators serve to establish to what extent the P is beeing or has been achieved.

Resultatmål

OUTPUTS (RESULTS); direct and concrete/measurable project results that can be guaranteed by the project as a consequence of its activities.

The formulation of relevant objectives is critical, as it facilitates and determines conditionalities for meaningful development dialogue, planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. The target group(s) and direct beneficiaries are usually identified and actively involved when objectives are being formulated and relevant indicators agreed upon. 

KAK

An economical term implying that the cost of making a choice is whatever must be given up to obtain it; The O of using land, labour, capital and natural resources in one specific way is that it thereby prevents the same assets from being used in another way. Hence, when choosing a specific good or service, the value of alternative goods or services is abandoned. As the relative cost of possible opportunities are weighed against each other, the term O is frequently applied in analysis based on Comparative Advantage theory. O consist of both monetary costs (e.g. building materials and energy) and non-monetary costs (e.g.the time spent completing the activity).
Both individuals, organisations, governments and businesses are seen to be involved in processes of assessing O.

See: trade-off

Organisations
organisasjoner

Refer to goal-oriented groups with some extent of internal division of labour, hierarchy, distribution of authority and a relatively precise delimitation of the environment determining membership of the organisation.

G.Mikkelsen

See : institutions , NGOs

Organisation-building
organisasjonsbygging

Development process based on the belief that it is difficult for marginalised groups to break away from the vicious circle of dependency and/or poverty; individuals are less vulnerable when they can cooperate and pool their strength; "the poor family is like a twig; alone it is easily broken. But if the individual twigs are gathered into a bundle, they cannot be broken". It is only through collective effort and organisation that they can reduce dependency and initiate a course of participatory self-reliant development. Thus, the process implies awareness-raising/mobilisation, group formation, and organisation - in that order.

SB

See : empowerment

Organisational development
organisasjonsutvikling

Activities geared towards improving the quality of the work carried out by an established organisation.

Organisational profile
organisasjonsprofil

Refers to a set of particular characteristics (basic philosophy, vision, objectives, target groups, modus operandi, etc.) that establishes an organisation as more or less "unique" as compared to other organisations.

See : added value, comparative advantage

Output
resultatmål

LFA : The results that can be guaranteed by the project as a consequence of its activities.

See : objective

Outsourcing
overføre produksjonen av og ansvaret for en tjeneste/produkt til en ekstern leverandør

The procurement of services or products - e.g. IT or communications operations - from an outside supplier or manufacturer, based on the assumption that this will lead to cost savings.

See: New Public management (NPM)

ODI is a Britsh leading independant think-tank on international development and humanitarian issues.  It's mission is "to inspire and inform policy and practice which lead to the reduction of poverty, the alleviation of suffering and the achievement of sustainable livelihoods in developing countries". ODI 's work centres on several research and policy groups and programmes, and it's international networks link researchers, policy-makers and practitioners.  ODI manages the ODI Fellowship Scheme, which places young economists on attachment to the governments of developing countries, and the Economic and Statistics Analysis Unit, established by the Department for International Development (DFID).

A set of assumptions, concepts, values, and practices that constitutes a way of viewing reality for the community that shares them.

See: discourse

Participation
deltakelse

See : popular participation

Partnership
partnerskap

Development assistance characterised by cooperative and complementary endeavours by like-minded development acteurs / agencies / organisations /institutions for the benefit of a common target group.
The roles and responsibilities of the respective partners involved are clearly defined.

NPA context :
"NPA understands partnership as a two-way cooperation relationship, sharing complementary resources of different partners - funds, skills, technology, information, knowledge of particular realities, and also power  - to fulfill their mission directed at marginalised social groups. To work with popular organisations as partners is to establish partnership with civil society.

"NPA and Partnership Cooperation in Civil Society", approved Dec. 2004

See : Millennium Goal no. 8 , power-relations , role

Partnership agreement
samarbeidsavtale

NPA-context : Refers to the legal document of partnership cooperation, i.a. stating:

• the cooperating partners' respective roles and responsibilities
  
• the goal (long term devt. objective) - and/or purpose (immediate devt. objective)
  
• the project outputs (results) to be guaranteed at the end of the project cooperation period.

An activity plan and budget is usually presented as an annual appendix to the Agreement.

Peace
fred

The state prevailing during the absence of violence or war.  P  between and within national states is a goal of many persons and organisations, notably the United Nations.

See : Human Rights

Peer-group
jevnbyrdig vennegruppe

A limited group of individuals who share certain commonalities and support each other in the process of pursuing a common goal or attaining desired services/goods; Within the context of a Revolving Loan Fund (RLF) Scheme, the P (of 5-7 members) as such represents each loanee's collateral vis-à-vis the credit institution.

See : empowerment , self-reliance

Planning economy
planøkonomi

Refers to a situasion where - when there are no eggs available - there are also no bacon available at exactly the same time  J .

n.n.

Policy
begrunnet holdning/standpunkt

Refers to an overall framework for course of action, based on basic philosophy and vision, which governs the total modus operandi of an organisation, institution, association, enter-prise, political party, program, project etc.

See : strategy

Popular mobilisation
folkelig mobilisering

A process whereby people recognise the commonalities of their situation and join in collective action for change.

SB

Also refers to situations where people mobilise to collectively put up physical infrastructure, e.g. digging ditches for water pipes, providing locally made bricks/blocks for the planned school or health clinic, etc.

Popular participation
folkelig deltakelse

"A process through which stakeholders influence and share control over development initiatives and the decisions and resources which affect them."

World Bank's Participatory Learning Group

Poverty line
fattigdomsgrense

At the country level, poverty is normally based on a consumption-based income level; a person is considered poor if his/her income falls below the minimum necessary to meet basic needs, the consumption of of own production of food included. This minimum level is usually called the 'poverty line'. What is necessary to satisfy basic needs varies through time and across societies, and is country-specific.
A consumption based poverty-line concept divided into two main categories is usually referred to:

1. Necessary income level to secure minimum foodstuffs and other basic necessities (absolute).
   
2. Necessary income to be able to participate fully as a citizen of a given country (relative).

Since the UN World Social Summit in Copenhagen in 1995, poverty reduction has been recognized internationally as the main development goal. The importance of poverty reduction was reaffirmed in September 2000, when 191 nations adopted the UN Millennium Declaration. The Declaration's target regarding poverty is to reduce by half the proportion of people living on less than a dollar a day, by 2015.

"Defining and measuring poverty barely kicks off the game. Only by understanding causes can the main business begin of designing, implementing and evaluating interventions."

ODI

See: marginalisation .

Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs)
Landbaserte strategier for fattigdomsbekjempelse

"Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) are prepared by governments in low-income countries through a participatory process involving domestic stakeholders as well as external development partners, including the IMF and the World Bank. A PRSP describes the macroeconomic, structural and social policies and programs that a country will pursue over several years to promote broad-based growth and reduce poverty, as well as external financing needs and the associated sources of financing".

IMF  

See : Common Country Assessment (CCA) , Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) , United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF)

In development debate on North-South relations, a common notion is that "the one that holds the money holds the power".

While North-South imbalances must not be ignored, analytically it can hardly be argued that the same imbalances apply to North-South solidarity-based partnership cooperation. If there is no shared notion of being equal partners in development, then the whole partnership concept has limited relevance. In a partnership cooperation, economic disparities or "imbalances" are not primarily between the North and the South, but rather between any financial management and the level to which these finances are to be passed, received and/or realised. As there are no personal or institutional "direct ownership" or conventional "profit-making interests" involved, the financial component represents obligations as well as "power" for all stakeholders involved - ( e.g. Norwegian Government è NORAD è NPA è local (intermediary) NGO è SO/CBO è target group) - as any "funding level" depends on cooperation with a (likeminded) partner situated closer to the target groups than itself. All partners involved assumably share a common interest - i.e. that formulated objectives are optimally achieved (in favour of the target group) and that premature abortion of financial program support should be prevented.
The ability to "transform" funding into viable programs (at the various levels) carries complementary relevance and thus complementary "power" to the actual funding itself; they are two sides of the coin.

KAK

Pre-disaster planning
ulykkesforebyggende planlegging

A planning process to meet future emergencies and disasters. The P concept includes:

1. Disaster prevention
   
   
2. Disaster mitigation
   
   
3. Disaster preparedness

Precautionary principle
(PP):
"bedre-føre-var"-
prinsippet

Refers to the obligation to avoid environmental degradation as a result of human activities, and where doubt, plans should be "withdrawn on account of insufficient evidence". This fundamental normative environmental principle was adopted for the first time at the First North Sea Conference in Bremen. Has since been widely spread and adopted as a guiding principle for many international conventions.

E.E.

See : best available technology , liability

"PHC is essential health care based on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and technology made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost that the community and country can afford to maintain at every stage of their development in the spirit of self-reliance and self-determination.
It forms an integral part both of the country's health system, of which it is the central function and main focus, and of the overall social and economic development of the community. It is the first level of contact of individuals, the family and community with the national health system bringing health care as close as possible to where people live and work, and constitutes the first element of a continuing health care process."

Article VI/The 1978 International PHC Conference, Alma Ata

P is the process of transferring property, from public ownership to private ownership (the opposite process is nationalisation or renationalisation).

P has frequently been associated with industrial or service-oriented enterprises, such as mining, manufacturing or power generation, but also applies to any asset, such as land, roads, or even rights to water. Recent years’  trend of privatisation of government services such as health, education and sanitation has often been characterized as part of a "global wave" of neoliberal policies, sometimes also launched as a "modernisation" process.  

KAK

See: New Public Management (NPM) , welfare state

Growth is pro-poor, relatively speaking, if it benefits the poor proportionally more than the non-poor. This implies the methodology of estimating a growth rate - the so called “poverty equivalent growth rate (PEGR)” -  that gives more weight to the incomes of the poor. If PEGR is larger than the actual growth rate, which occurs when the incomes of the poor grow more than the average income, then growth is pro-poor; if PEGR is equal or less than the actual growth rate, growth is said not to be pro-poor.

Int. Poverty Centre /  UNDP

Growth is considered to be pro-poor if and only if poor people benefit in absolute terms, as reflected in some agreed measure of poverty. The extent to which growth is pro-poor depends solely on the rate of change in poverty, which is determined by both the rate of growth and its distributional pattern; the aim is to achieve the greatest amount of poverty reduction possible through growth and progressive distributional change. In general, countries experiencing high growth rates over a sustained period of time have typically reduced poverty dramatically. Given the importance that the World Bank gives to poverty reduction, this is the operational definition that are being used in the operationalizing pro-poor growth work program.

WB

Collective term for the production of commodities, products and services.

NPA context: Arena for operations geared to promote income-earning activities through the production and/or sales of products, commodities and services within primary (agriculture), secondary (small-scale enterprise) and tertiary (services) industries . Production may be for direct consumption and/or for sales; the main issue is that it is productive - i.e. it generates a surplus, in kind or cash.

See : organisational profile

A group of interrelated projects or services directed towards the attainment of (a) specific objective(s), e.g.:

• Country program
• Sub-program (thematically, geographically)

A planned undertaking designed to achieve specific project output/results within a given budget frame and within a specified period of time.

A document which presents the full project profile and justification.

As a legal agreement a P binds the signatories to undertake defined activities and to provide specific resources over a fixed period of time in order to reach agreed objectives.

See: partnership agreement

Refers to a population’s level of understanding, knowledge and information related to topics that influence or determine their situation (aids awareness programs, mine awareness programs etc.)

A Public/Private Partnership brings public and private sectors together in partnership for mutual benefit. The term Public Private Partnership covers a wide range of different partnerships, including the introduction of private sector ownership into businesses that are currently state-owned, the Private Finance Initiative , and selling Government services into wider markets.

DFID